FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF
FINUCANE v. THE UNITED KINGDOM
(Application no. 29178/95)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
1 July 2003
FINAL
01/10/2003
This judgment will become final in the
circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to
editorial revision.
In the case of Finucane v. the United
Kingdom,
The European Court of Human Rights
(Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Mr M. Pellonpää,
President,
Sir Nicolas
Bratza,
Mrs E.
Palm,
Mr M.
Fischbach,
Mr J.
Casadevall,
Mr S.
Pavlovschi,
Mr J. Borrego
Borrego, judges,
and Mr M. O’Boyle,
Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 10 June
2003,
Delivers the following judgment, which
was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in an application
(no. 29178/95) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
lodged with the European Commission of Human Rights (“the Commission”) under
former Article 25 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and
Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by an Irish national, Mrs Geraldine
Finucane (“the applicant”), on 5 July 1994.
2. The applicant was represented by Mr
Peter Madden, a lawyer practising in Belfast. The United Kingdom Government
(“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Mr C. Whomersley of the
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London.
3. The applicant alleges that there had
been no proper, effective investigation into the death of her husband, Patrick
Finucane.
4. The application was transmitted to
the Court on 1 November 1998, when Protocol No. 11 to the Convention came into
force (Article 5 § 2 of Protocol No. 11).
5. The application was allocated to the
Third Section of the Court (Rule 52 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Within that
Section, the Chamber that would consider the case (Article 27 § 1 of the
Convention) was constituted as provided in Rule 26 § 1.
6. On 1 November 2001 the Court changed
the composition of its Sections (Rule 25 § 1). This case was assigned to the
newly composed Fourth Section (Rule 52 § 1).
7. By a decision of 2 July 2002, the
Court declared the application admissible.
8. The applicant and the Government each
filed observations on the merits (Rule 59 § 1). The Chamber decided, after
consulting the parties, that no hearing on the merits was required (Rule 59 § 3
in fine).
THE FACTS
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
9. The applicant was born in 1950 and
lives in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
10. At around 7.25 p.m. on 12 February
1989, the applicant’s husband, solicitor Patrick Finucane, was killed in front
of her and their three children by two masked men who broke into their home. She
herself was injured, probably by a ricochet bullet. Patrick Finucane was shot in
the head, neck and chest. Six bullets had struck the head and there was evidence
that one or more of these had been fired within a range of 15 inches when he was
lying on the floor. The day after the murder, on 13 February 1989, a man
telephoned the press and stated that the illegal loyalist paramilitary group,
the Ulster Freedom Fighters (“UFF”) claimed responsibility for killing Patrick
Finucane, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (“PIRA”) officer not the
solicitor.
11. Patrick Finucane was a solicitor who
represented clients from both sides of the conflict in Northern Ireland and was
involved in a number of high profile cases arising from that conflict. The
applicant believed that it was because of his work on these cases that prior to
his murder he received death threats delivered, via his clients, by officers of
the Royal Ulster Constabulary (“RUC”) and was targeted for murder. Occasional
threats had been made against Patrick Finucane since the late 1970s. After
acting for Brian Gillen in a case concerning maltreatment in RUC custody, the
threats apparently escalated, and clients reported that police officers often
abused and threatened to kill him during interrogations at holding centres such
as Castlereagh. On 5 January 1989, five weeks before his death, one of
Patrick Finucane’s clients reported that an RUC officer had said that
Patrick Finucane would meet his end. On 7 January 1989, another client claimed
that he was told that Finucane was “getting took out” (murdered). His death came
less than four weeks after Douglas Hogg MP, then Parliamentary Under-Secretary
of State for the Home Department, in a Committee Stage debate on the Prevention
of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Bill on 17 January 1989 said:
“I have to state as a fact, but with
great regret, that there are in Northern Ireland a number of solicitors who are
unduly sympathetic to the cause of the IRA.”
1. Investigation into the killing
12. After the shooting, the applicant’s
house was cordoned off by the RUC and a forensic examination of the scene
conducted by experts. Photographs were taken and maps prepared. A scene of
crimes officer examined the car believed to have been used by those responsible
for the shooting which had been found abandoned.
13. On 13 February 1989, a consultant in
pathology conducted a post mortem examination.
14. A major incident room was set up as
the Antrim Road police station. Many suspected members of the Ulster Freedom
Fighters (UFF) were detained and interviewed about the murder.
15. On 4 July 1989, the RUC found one of
the weapons believed to have been used in the murder. On 5 April 1990, three
members of UFF were convicted of possessing this and another weapon and of
membership of the UFF. The weapon had been stolen from the Ulster Defence
Regiment’s barracks in August 1987 and in 1988 a member of the UDR was convicted
of this theft.
16. In or about September 1990, the
police found firearms in the roof space of William Stobie’s flat. Stobie was
arrested. He was, according to the applicant, questioned about the Finucane
murder from 13 to 20 September 1990. A journalist had allegedly interviewed
Stobie and had told police about the interview but declined to make a statement.
The applicant alleged that Stobie denied to the police any direct involvement in
the shooting but admitted that he was the quartermaster for the UDA, supplying
the weapons and recovering them after use. He also is reported as having told
the police that he had been acting as an informer for Special Branch for the
past three years. A decision was taken on 16 January 1991 not to prosecute
Stobie in relation to the Finucane case, apparently on the basis that there was
insufficient evidence. On 23 January 1991, the decision was taken not to proceed
with two arms charges against Stobie. The prosecution offered no evidence and
Stobie was acquitted.
2. Inquest proceedings
17. The inquest into Patrick Finucane’s
death commenced on 6 September 1990 and ended the same day. Evidence was heard
from RUC officers involved in investigating the death, as well as from the
applicant, two neighbours and a taxi driver whose car had been hijacked and used
by those responsible for the shooting. The applicant was represented at the
inquest by counsel who was able to question witnesses on her behalf. After
giving evidence, the applicant wished to make a statement concerning the threats
made against her husband by the RUC but was refused permission to do so by the
Coroner on grounds that it was not relevant to the proceedings.
18. Forensic evidence showed that the
victim had been hit at least eleven times by a 9 mm Browning automatic pistol
and twice by a .38 Special Revolver. Detective Superintendent (“D/S”) Simpson of
RUC, who was in charge of the murder investigation, gave evidence that the
Browning pistol was one of thirteen weapons stolen from Palace army barracks in
August 1987 by a member of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR – a locally
recruited regiment of the British army) who was subsequently jailed for theft.
These weapons found their way into the hands of three members of the UFF who
were convicted of possession of the weapons and of membership of the UFF.
However, the police were satisfied that those individuals had not been in
possession of the weapons at the time of Patrick Finucane’s murder.
19. According to the evidence given by
D/S Simpson at the inquest, the police had interviewed fourteen people in
connection with the murder, but had found that, although their suspicions were
not assuaged, and they remained reasonably certain that the main perpetrators of
the murder were among the suspects, there was insufficient evidence to sustain a
charge of murder. None of the fourteen persons had any connection with the
security forces. D/S Simpson further stated that none of the suspects had any
connection with the security services. He rejected the claim made by the UFF
that Patrick Finucane was a member of the Provisional IRA.
20. The inquest heard evidence that the
assassins had used a red Ford Sierra car, Registration no. VIA 2985, that had
been hijacked by three men from a taxi driver, WR, shortly before the murder.
D/S Simpson stated in evidence that he did not consider the hijackers to have
carried out the murder and that he considered the precision of the killing to
indicate that the killers had murdered before. He had heard that a death threat
had been made to a prisoner client of the deceased. He had also seen parts of a
report by a group of international lawyers. This had been investigated by the
Stevens inquiry with whom he liaised closely. Though he did not know who was
interviewed, as it was separate from the murder investigation, he said that no
evidence was found substantiating the allegation. On further questioning, he
stated that he had only read the report by the international lawyers that
lunchtime and was unaware of the existence of material linking the security
forces to Mr Finucane’s death.
3. The Stevens inquiries
21. On 14 September 1989, the Chief
Constable of the RUC appointed John Stevens, then Deputy Chief Constable of the
Cambridgeshire Constabulary, to investigate allegations of collusion between
members of the security forces and loyalist paramilitaries (“Stevens 1”).
22. While the applicant stated that it
was claimed by the RUC at Patrick Finucane’s inquest that John Stevens had also
investigated Patrick Finucane’s death, the Government stated that the inquiry
was prompted by events other than the shooting of Patrick Finucane.
23. On 5 April 1990, John Stevens
presented his report to the Chief Constable of the RUC. While the full report
was not made public, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland made a
statement to the House of Commons on 17 May 1990. He stated, inter alia,
that as a result of the inquiry 94 persons had been arrested, of whom 59 had
been reported or charged with criminal offences. He stated that while the
passing of information to paramilitaries by the security forces had taken place,
it was restricted to a small number of individuals and was neither widespread
nor institutionalised. Any evidence or allegation of criminal conduct had been
rigorously followed up. No charges had been laid against members of the RUC, but
Mr Stevens had concluded that there had been misbehaviour by a few members of
the UDR. Mr Stevens had made detailed recommendations aimed at improving the
arrangements for the dissemination and control of sensitive information.
24. As a result of the Stevens inquiry,
Brian Nelson, who had worked as an undercover agent providing information to
British military intelligence and who had become the chief intelligence officer
of the Ulster Defence Association (“UDA”), an illegal loyalist paramilitary
group which directed the activities of the UFF, was arrested. At his trial, the
British authorities claimed that he had got out of hand and had become
personally involved in loyalist murder plots. Originally he faced thirty-five
charges, but thirteen were dropped and he was eventually convicted of five
charges of conspiracy to murder, for which he was sentenced to ten years’
imprisonment. During the Stevens inquiry, members of the team had interviewed
him. According to the Government, he had denied any complicity in the murder.
25. In prison, Brian Nelson allegedly
admitted that, in his capacity as a UDA intelligence officer, he had himself
targeted Patrick Finucane and, in his capacity as a double agent, had told his
British Army handlers about the approach at the time. It was also alleged that
Nelson had passed a photograph of Patrick Finucane to the UDA before he was
killed. Loyalist sources further alleged that Nelson had himself pointed out
Finucane’s house to the killers. These allegations were transmitted in a BBC
Panorama programme on 8 June 1992 and the transcript of the programme was sent
to the Director of Public Prosecutions (“DPP”).
26. Following the Panorama programme,
the DPP asked the Chief Constable of the RUC to conduct further inquiries
arising from the issues raised in the programme. In April 1993, John Stevens,
then Chief Constable of the Northumbria Police, was appointed to conduct a
second inquiry (“Stevens 2”). According to the Government, he made inquiries
into the alleged involvement of Brian Nelson and members of the Army in the
death of Patrick Finucane (see however John Steven’s press statement
paragraph 33 below). The applicant states that no member of the inquiry team
contacted her or her legal representative, or any former clients of
Patrick Finucane, about the death threats made prior to the murder.
27. On 21 January 1995, John Stevens
submitted his final report to the DPP, having submitted earlier reports on 25
April 1994 and 18 October 1994. On 17 February 1995 the DPP issued a direction
of “no prosecution” to the Chief Constable of the RUC.
28. In answer to a parliamentary
question published on 15 May 1995, Sir John Wheeler MP said that the DPP had
concluded that there was insufficient evidence to warrant the prosecution of any
person, despite Nelson’s alleged confession. He refused to place copies of Mr
Stevens’ three reports in the House of Commons library, claiming that police
reports were confidential.
4. Civil proceedings
29. On 11 February 1992, the applicant
issued a writ of summons against the Ministry of Defence and Brian Nelson,
claiming damages on behalf of the estate of the deceased, herself and other
dependants of the deceased. It was alleged that the deceased’s murder was
committed by or at the instigation of or with the connivance, knowledge,
encouragement and assistance of the first defendant and by the second defendant,
who was at all material times a servant or agent of the first defendant. It was
also alleged that the first defendant was negligent in the gathering, recording,
retention, keeping safe and dissemination of material concerning the deceased,
and in the warning, protection and safeguarding of the deceased.
30. The applicant’s statement of claim
was served on 8 December 1993 and the defence of the Ministry of Defence on 29
December 1993. In its amended defence of 11 October 1995, it was admitted that
Brian Nelson acted as agent for and on behalf of the Ministry of Defence but
claimed that if he had had any information about the proposed attack on Patrick
Finucane it had not been communicated to the Ministry as he was required to do.
31. On 22 January 1998, the applicant
served further and better particulars of her case and a request for further and
better particulars of the Ministry of Defence’s case. She served a list of
documents on 8 April 1998. On 20 May 1999, a supplemental list of documents,
verified by an affidavit sworn by the Permanent Under Secretary of the Ministry
of Defence, was served on the applicant. The applicant requested copies of those
documents which were provided on 20 July 1999. The applicant then requested
inspection of the originals but was informed on 21 October 1999 that the
Ministry of Defence was not in possession of the originals.
5. Recent developments
(a) The Stevens 3 Inquiry
32. On 12 February 1999, the Government
stated that at a meeting between the applicant and Dr. Mowlem, the Secretary of
State for Northern Ireland, a paper was handed over to Dr Mowlem which, it was
claimed, contained new material relating to the murder of Patrick Finucane. This
paper was passed to John Stevens, now Deputy Commissioner of the Metropolitan
Police who had been appointed by the Chief Constable of the RUC to conduct an
independent investigation into the murder of the applicant’s husband (“Stevens
3”).
33. On 28 April 1999, at a press
conference, John Stevens stated:
“... in September 1989 ... I was
appointed ... to conduct the so-called ‘Stevens Inquiry’ into breaches of
security by the Security Forces in Northern Ireland.
This commenced after the theft of
montages from Dunmurry Police Station.
This Inquiry resulted in 43 convictions
and over 800 years of imprisonment for those convicted.
My subsequent report contained over 100
recommendations for the handling of security documents and information.
All of those recommendations were
accepted and have been implemented.
This ‘Stevens 1’ Inquiry was followed by
a ‘Stevens 2’ Inquiry in April 1993...
At the request of the DPP I was asked to
investigate further matters which solely related to the previous Inquiry and
prosecutions. [The then RUC Chief Constable] referred to our return as ‘tying up
some loose ends’.
At no time, either in Stevens 2 or in the
original Stevens 1 inquiry did I investigate the murder of Patrick Finucane...
However, those inquiries through the so-called double agent, Brian Nelson, were
linked into the murder of Patrick Finucane.
[The] Chief Constable of the [RUC] has
now asked me to conduct an independent investigation into the murder of Patrick
Finucane. I am also investigating the associated matters raised by the British
Irish Rights Watch document ‘Deadly Intelligence’ and the UN Commissioner’s
Report. ...”
(b) Criminal prosecution
34. On or about 23 June 1999, charges
were brought against:
– William Alfred Stobie for the murder
of Patrick Finucane;
– Mark Barr, Paul Alexander Givens and
William Hutchinson for offences of possession of documents containing
information useful to terrorists.
35. It was reported by the Committee for
the Administration of Justice that on being charged William Stobie made the
following statement:
“Not guilty of the charge that you have
put to me tonight. At the time I was police informer for Special Branch. On the
night of the death of Patrick Finucane I informed Special Branch on two
occasions by telephone of a person who was to be shot. I did not know at the
time of the person who was to be shot.”
36. William Stobie’s solicitor told the
court that his client was a paid police informer from 1987 to 1990 and that he
gave the police information on two occasions before the Finucane murder which
was not acted upon. He also stated that, at his client’s trial on 23 January
1991 on firearms charges, the prosecution offered no evidence and his client was
acquitted. The bulk of the evidence against his client had, he alleged, been
known to the authorities for almost 10 years.
37. On 26 November 2001, it was reported
in the press that the trial of William Stobie had collapsed, when the Lord Chief
Justice returned a verdict of not guilty in the absence of evidence. The
prosecution had informed the court that the key witness, a journalist, was not
capable of giving evidence due to serious mental illness.
38. On 12 December 2001, William Stobie
was shot dead by gunmen, shortly after having received threats from loyalist
paramilitaries.
39. Further arrests were reported as
being made by officers in the Stevens inquiry in March 2002, with persons being
questioned in relation to the Finucane murder.
(c) Proposed international investigation
40. On 24 October 2001, the Government
announced in Parliament that, amongst the measures proposed to the Irish
Government in the context of the Good Friday Agreement, was the proposal for the
United Kingdom and Irish Government to appoint a judge of international standing
from outside both jurisdictions to undertake an investigation into allegations
of security force collusion in loyalist paramilitary killings, including that of
Patrick Finucane. In light of the investigation, the judge would decide whether
to recommend a Public Inquiry into any of the killings.
(d) Stevens 3 Inquiry Report
41. On 17 April 2003, Sir John Stephens
submitted his report to the D.P.P. A nineteen page overview with recommendations
was made public. The summary included the following:
“4.6. I have uncovered enough evidence
to lead me to believe that the murders of Patrick Finucane and Brian Adam
Lambert could have been prevented. I also believe that the RUC investigation of
Patrick Finucane’s murder should have resulted in the early arrest and detection
of his killers.
4.7. I concluded that there was
collusion in both murders and the circumstances surrounding them. Collusion is
evidenced in many ways. This ranges from the wilful failure to keep records, the
absence of accountability, the withholding of intelligence and evidence, through
to the extreme of agents being involved in murder...”
He stated that his inquiries with regard
to satisfying the test for prosecution in relation to possible offences arising
out of these matters were continuing.
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE
A. Inquests
1. Statutory provisions and rules
42. The conduct of inquests in Northern
Ireland is governed by the Coroners Act (Northern Ireland) 1959 and the Coroners
(Practice and Procedure) Rules (Northern Ireland) 1963. These provide the
framework for a procedure within which deaths by violence or in suspicious
circumstances are notified to the Coroner, who then has the power to hold an
inquest, with or without a jury, for the purpose of ascertaining, with the
assistance as appropriate of the evidence of witnesses and reports, inter
alia, of post mortem and forensic examinations, who the deceased was
and how, when and where he died.
43. Pursuant to the Coroners Act, every
medical practitioner, registrar of deaths or funeral undertaker who has reason
to believe that a person died directly or indirectly by violence is under an
obligation to inform the Coroner (section 7). Every medical practitioner who
performs a post mortem examination has to notify the Coroner of the
result in writing (section 29). Whenever a dead body is found, or an unexplained
death or death in suspicious circumstances occurs, the police of that district
are required to give notice to the Coroner (section 8).
44. Rules 12 and 13 of the Coroners
Rules give power to the Coroner to adjourn an inquest where a person may be or
has been charged with murder or other specified criminal offences in relation to
the deceased.
45. Where the Coroner decides to hold an
inquest with a jury, persons are called from the Jury List, compiled by random
computer selection from the electoral register for the district on the same
basis as in criminal trials.
46. The matters in issue at an inquest
are governed by Rules 15 and 16 of the Coroners Rules:
“15. The proceedings and evidence at an
inquest shall be directed solely to ascertaining the following matters, namely:
-
(a) who the deceased was;
(b) how, when and where the deceased
came by his death;
(c) the particulars for the time being
required by the Births and Deaths Registration (Northern Ireland) Order 1976 to
be registered concerning his death.
16. Neither the coroner nor the jury
shall express any opinion on questions of criminal or civil liability or on any
matters other than those referred to in the last foregoing Rule.”
47. The forms of verdict used in
Northern Ireland accord with this recommendation, recording the name and other
particulars of the deceased, a statement of the cause of death (e.g. bullet
wounds) and findings as to when and where the deceased met his death. In England
and Wales, the form of verdict appended to the English Coroners Rules contains a
section marked “conclusions of the jury/coroner as to the death” in which
conclusions such as “lawfully killed” or “killed unlawfully” are inserted. These
findings involve expressing an opinion on criminal liability in that they
involve a finding as to whether the death resulted from a criminal act, but no
finding is made that any identified person was criminally liable. The jury in
England and Wales may also append recommendations to their verdict.
48. However, in Northern Ireland, the
Coroner is under a duty (section 6(2) of the Prosecution of Offences Order
(Northern Ireland) 1972) to furnish a written report to the DPP where the
circumstances of any death appear to disclose that a criminal offence may have
been committed.
49. Until recently, legal aid was not
available for inquests as they did not involve the determination of civil
liabilities or criminal charges. Legislation which would have provided for legal
aid at the hearing of inquests (the Legal Aid, Advice and Assistance (Northern
Ireland) Order 1981, Schedule 1 paragraph 5) has not been brought into force.
However, on 25 July 2000, the Lord Chancellor announced the establishment of an
Extra-Statutory Ex Gratia Scheme to make public funding available for
representation for proceedings before Coroners in exceptional inquests in
Northern Ireland. In March 2001, he published for consultation the criteria to
be used in deciding whether applications for representation at inquests should
receive public funding. This included inter alia consideration of
financial eligibility, whether an effective investigation by the State was
needed and whether the inquest was the only way to conduct it, whether the
applicant required representation to be able to participate effectively in the
inquest and whether the applicant had a sufficiently close relationship to the
deceased.
50. The Coroner enjoys the power to
summon witnesses who he thinks it necessary to attend the inquest (section 17 of
the Coroners Act) and he may allow any interested person to examine a witness
(Rule 7). In both England and Wales and Northern Ireland, a witness is entitled
to rely on the privilege against self-incrimination. In Northern Ireland, this
privilege is reinforced by Rule 9(2) which provides that a person suspected of
causing the death may not be compelled to give evidence at the inquest.
51. In relation to both documentary
evidence and the oral evidence of witnesses, inquests, like criminal trials, are
subject to the law of public interest immunity, which recognises and gives
effect to the public interest, such as national security, in the non-disclosure
of certain information or certain documents or classes of document. A claim of
public interest immunity must be supported by a certificate.
2. The scope of inquests
52. Rules 15 and 16 (see above) follow
from the recommendation of the Brodrick Committee on Death Certification and
Coroners:
“... the function of an inquest should be
simply to seek out and record as many of the facts concerning the death as the
public interest requires, without deducing from those facts any determination of
blame... In many cases, perhaps the majority, the facts themselves will
demonstrate quite clearly whether anyone bears any responsibility for the death;
there is a difference between a form of proceeding which affords to others the
opportunity to judge an issue and one which appears to judge the issue itself.”
53. Domestic courts have made, inter
alia, the following comments:
“... It is noteworthy that the task is
not to ascertain how the deceased died, which might raise general and
far-reaching issues, but ‘how ... the deceased came by his death’, a far more
limited question directed to the means by which the deceased came by his death.
... [previous judgments] make it clear
that when the Brodrick Committee stated that one of the purposes of an inquest
is ‘To allay rumours or suspicions’ this purpose should be confined to allaying
rumours and suspicions of how the deceased came by his death and not to allaying
rumours or suspicions about the broad circumstances in which the deceased came
by his death.” (Sir Thomas Bingham, MR, Court of Appeal, R. v. the Coroner
for North Humberside and Scunthorpe ex parte Roy Jamieson, April 1994,
unreported)
“The cases establish that although the
word ‘how’ is to be widely interpreted, it means ‘by what means’ rather than in
what broad circumstances ... In short, the inquiry must focus on matters
directly causative of death and must, indeed, be confined to those matters alone
...” (Simon Brown LJ, Court of Appeal, R. v. Coroner for Western District of
East Sussex, ex parte Homberg and others, (1994) 158 JP 357)
“... it should not be forgotten that an
inquest is a fact finding exercise and not a method of apportioning guilt. The
procedure and rules of evidence which are suitable for one are unsuitable for
the other. In an inquest it should never be forgotten that there are no parties,
no indictment, there is no prosecution, there is no defence, there is no trial,
simply an attempt to establish the facts. It is an inquisitorial process, a
process of investigation quite unlike a trial...
It is well recognised that a purpose of
an inquest is that rumour may be allayed. But that does not mean it is the duty
of the Coroner to investigate at an inquest every rumour or allegation that may
be brought to his attention. It is ... his duty to discharge his statutory role
– the scope of his enquiry must not be allowed to drift into the uncharted seas
of rumour and allegation. He will proceed safely and properly if he investigates
the facts which it appears are relevant to the statutory issues before
him.” (Lord Lane, Court of Appeal, R. v. South London Coroner ex parte
Thompson (1982) 126 SJ 625)
B. The Director of Public Prosecutions
54. The Director of Public Prosecutions
(the DPP), appointed pursuant to the Prosecution of Offences (Northern Ireland)
1972 (the 1972 Order) is an independent officer with at least 10 years’
experience of the practice of law in Northern Ireland who is appointed by the
Attorney General and who holds office until retirement, subject only to
dismissal for misconduct. His duties under Article 5 of the 1972 Order are
inter alia:
“(a) to consider, or cause to be
considered, with a view to his initiating or continuing in Northern Ireland any
criminal proceedings or the bringing of any appeal or other proceedings in or in
connection with any criminal cause or matter in Northern Ireland, any facts or
information brought to his notice, whether by the Chief Constable acting in
pursuance of Article 6(3) of this Order or by the Attorney General or by any
other authority or person;
(b) to examine or cause to be examined
all documents that are required under Article 6 of this Order to be transmitted
or furnished to him and where it appears to him to be necessary or appropriate
to do so to cause any matter arising thereon to be further investigated;
(c) where he thinks proper to initiate,
undertake and carry on, on behalf of the Crown, proceedings for indictable
offences and for such summary offences or classes of summary offences as he
considers should be dealt with by him.”
55. Article 6 of the 1972 Order requires
inter alia Coroners and the Chief Constable of the RUC to provide
information to the DPP as follows:
“(2) Where the circumstances of any
death investigated or being investigated by a coroner appear to him to disclose
that a criminal offence may have been committed he shall as soon as practicable
furnish to the [DPP] a written report of those circumstances.
(3) It shall be the duty of the Chief
Constable, from time to time, to furnish to the [DPP] facts and information with
respect to -
(a) indictable offences [such as murder]
alleged to have been committed against the law of Northern Ireland; ...
and at the request of the [DPP], to
ascertain and furnish to the [DPP] information regarding any matter which may
appear to the [DPP] to require investigation on the ground that it may involve
an offence against the law of Northern Ireland or information which may appear
to the [DPP] to be necessary for the discharge of his functions under this
Order.”
III. RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL LAW AND
PRACTICE
56. Paragraph 9 of the United Nations
Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-Legal,
Arbitrary and Summary Executions, adopted on 24 May 1989 by the Economic and
Social Council Resolution 1989/65, (UN Principles on Extra-Legal Executions)
provides, inter alia, that:
“There shall be a thorough, prompt and
impartial investigation of all suspected cases of extra legal, arbitrary and
summary executions, including cases where complaints by relatives or other
reliable reports suggest unnatural death in the above circumstances ...”
57. Paragraphs 10 to 17 of the UN
Principles on Extra-Legal Executions contain a series of detailed requirements
that should be observed by investigative procedures into such deaths.
Paragraph 10 states, inter alia:
“The investigative authority shall have
the power to obtain all the information necessary to the inquiry. Those persons
conducting the inquiry ... shall also have the authority to oblige officials
allegedly involved in any such executions to appear and testify ...”
Paragraph 11 specifies:
“In cases in which the established
investigative procedures are inadequate because of a lack of expertise or
impartiality, because of the importance of the matter or because of the apparent
existence of a pattern of abuse, and in cases where there are complaints from
the family of the victim about these inadequacies or other substantial reasons,
Governments shall pursue investigations through an independent commission of
inquiry or similar procedure. Members of such a commission shall be chosen for
their recognised impartiality, competence and independence as individuals. In
particular, they shall be independent of any institution, agency or person that
may be the subject of the inquiry. The commission shall have the authority to
obtain all information necessary to the inquiry and shall conduct the inquiry as
provided in these principles.”
Paragraph 16 provides, inter alia:
“Families of the deceased and their legal
representatives shall be informed of, and have access to, any hearing as well as
all information relevant to the investigation and shall be entitled to present
other evidence...”
Paragraph 17 provides, inter alia:
“A written report shall be made within a
reasonable time on the methods and findings of such investigations. The report
shall be made public immediately and shall include the scope of the inquiry,
procedures, methods used to evaluate evidence as well as conclusions and
recommendations based on findings of fact and on applicable law...”
58. The “Minnesota Protocol” (Model
Protocol for a legal investigation of extra-legal, arbitrary and summary
executions, contained in the UN Manual on the Effective Prevention and
Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions) provides,
inter alia, in section B on the “Purposes of an inquiry”:
“As set out in paragraph 9 of the
Principles, the broad purpose of an inquiry is to discover the truth about the
events leading to the suspicious death of a victim. To fulfil that purpose,
those conducting the inquiry shall, at a minimum, seek:
(a) to identify the victim;
(b) to recover and preserve evidentiary
material related to the death to aid in any potential prosecution of those
responsible;
(c) to identify possible witnesses and
obtain statements from them concerning the death;
(d) to determine the cause, manner,
location and time of death, as well as any pattern or practice that may have
brought about the death;
(e) to distinguish between natural
death, accidental death, suicide and homicide;
(f) to identify and apprehend the
person(s) involved in the death;
(g) to bring the suspected
perpetrator(s) before a competent court established by law.”
59. In section D, it is stated that “In
cases where government involvement is suspected, an objective and impartial
investigation may not be possible unless a special commission of inquiry is
established...”.
THE LAW
I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE
CONVENTION
60. The applicant complained that there
was no effective investigation into the death of her husband, Patrick Finucane,
which had occurred in circumstances giving rise to suspicions of collusion of
the security forces with his killers. She invoked Article 2 of the Convention
which provides as relevant in its first paragraph:
“ Everyone’s right to life shall be
protected by law. ...”
A. The parties’ submissions
1. The applicant
61. The applicant submitted that the RUC
investigation into her husband’s death was inter alia hopelessly
inadequate as it failed entirely to explore the possibility of collusion and as
the investigating officers were hierarchically linked to those against whom
allegations were made. The inquest was also strictly limited in its scope,
involving no key witnesses or any persons suspected of involvement in the death
and could not provide an effective part of the process of identifying or
prosecuting the perpetrators of any unlawful act. As regarded the first two
Stevens inquiries, neither was concerned with investigating the murder of
Patrick Finucane and neither fulfilled the requirements of independence,
promptness, public scrutiny or accessibility to the next of kin. The inquiry
teams never, for example, made contact with the applicant’s family, her
husband’s firm of solicitors or any of his clients who had reported death
threats.
62. As regards the third inquiry, this
was commenced ten years after the murder. So far the Stevens team refused to
disclose to the applicant any material held by it. As regards her alleged lack
of co-operation with various investigations, she had always taken the position
that an independent judicial inquiry was the appropriate solution. Nor was the
third inquiry sufficiently independent as it, like the others, had been
established by the RUC Chief Constable at the relevant time and Mr Stevens
reported, according to her understanding, to the Chief Constable. There was thus
a hierarchical connection between the head of the investigation and the Chief
Constable of the force against whom serious allegations had been made.
63. Further, the applicant argued that
the examination by the DPP of the evidence throughout the history of the case
had been a secret and undisclosed process, without any reasons given for
decisions not to prosecute. He could not be regarded as independent due to the
relationship between his office and the police. His decisions not to prosecute
also cast grave doubt on his independence, in particular as the evidence against
Mr Stobie was known to the authorities for at least 10 years. She referred to
the decision not to prosecute Mr Stobie in 1991 for his role in the Finucane
murder or his involvement in the UDA, the decision not to offer evidence against
Mr Stobie at his trial on arms charges in January 1991 and the failure to
prosecute Brian Nelson for conspiracy to murder, despite the evidence that he
had passed a photograph of Patrick Finucane to known killers, or to prosecute
Nelson’s army handlers for collusion despite their knowledge that Patrick
Finucane was targeted.
2. The Government
64. The Government accepted that, in
light of the previous judgments (Hugh Jordan v. the United Kingdom, no.
24746/94, McKerr v. the United Kingdom, no. 28883/95, Kelly and Others
v. the United Kingdom, no. 30054/96 and Shanaghan v. the United Kingdom,
no. 37715/97, ECHR 2001-III) the RUC investigation, the inquest and the Stevens
inquiries did not cumulatively satisfy the procedural requirement imposed by
Article 2 of the Convention. They pointed out however that the reports following
the first and second Stevens’ inquiries were not made public as this would have
prejudiced national security.
65. In any event, the Government stated
that the third inquiry represented the only comprehensive investigation into the
death of Patrick Finucane. This was ongoing, conducted by 18 to 20 police
officers from outside Northern Ireland and it was to report to the DPP. So far,
apart from William Stobie, 14 persons had been arrested and interviewed in
connection with murder. While the RUC were resisting the applicant’s current
application for disclosure of material generated in the third inquiry because of
potential prejudice to national security, the material’s relevance to matters
before, or likely to come before, the courts or to ongoing investigations, it
had been made clear that disclosure would be reconsidered if it were to become
apparent that there would be no harm to those interests.
66. Furthermore, the Government
submitted that significant efforts had been made by the Stevens team to keep the
applicant as fully informed as possible. However the applicant refused to meet
with the police or the Stevens’ team and repeatedly indicated her unwillingness
to co-operate with the inquiry. In those circumstances, the Government argued
that although the first two Stevens inquiries did not satisfy the procedural
obligation in Article 2 as they were not centrally concerned with the murder of
the applicant’s husband, the third inquiry was so concerned and it was being
conducted with thoroughness. The Government accepted that as it was occurring
some years after the events it did not satisfy the requirements of promptness
and reasonable expedition.
B. The Court’s assessment
1. General principles
67. The obligation to protect the right
to life under Article 2 of the Convention, read in conjunction with the State’s
general duty under Article 1 of the Convention to “secure to everyone within
[its] jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in [the] Convention”,
requires by implication that there should be some form of effective official
investigation when individuals have been killed as a result of the use of force
(see, mutatis mutandis, the McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom,
judgment of 27 September 1995, Series A no. 324, p. 49, § 161, and Kaya v.
Turkey, judgment of 19 February 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions
1998-I, p. 324, § 86). The essential purpose of such investigation is to secure
the effective implementation of the domestic laws which protect the right to
life and, in those cases involving State agents or bodies, to ensure their
accountability for deaths occurring under their responsibility. What form of
investigation will achieve those purposes may vary in different circumstances.
However, whatever mode is employed, the authorities must act of their own
motion, once the matter has come to their attention. They cannot leave it to the
initiative of the next of kin either to lodge a formal complaint or to take
responsibility for the conduct of any investigative procedures (see, for
example, mutatis mutandis, İlhan v. Turkey [GC] no. 22277/93, ECHR
2000-VII, § 63).
68. For an investigation into alleged
unlawful killing by State agents to be effective, it may generally be regarded
as necessary for the persons responsible for and carrying out the investigation
to be independent from those implicated in the events (see, for example,
Güleç v. Turkey, judgment of 27 July 1998, Reports 1998-IV, §§ 81-82;
Oğur v. Turkey, [GC] no. 21954/93, ECHR 1999-III, §§ 91-92). This means
not only a lack of hierarchical or institutional connection but also a practical
independence (see, for example, Ergı v. Turkey, judgment of 28 July 1998,
Reports 1998-IV, §§ 83-84, and the recent Northern Irish cases, for
example, McKerr v. the United Kingdom, no. 28883/95, § 128, Hugh
Jordan v. the United Kingdom, no. 24746/94, § 120, and Kelly and Others
v. the United Kingdom, no. 30054/96, § 114, ECHR 2001-III).
69. The investigation must also be
effective in the sense that it is capable of leading to a determination of
whether the force used in such cases was or was not justified in the
circumstances (for example, Kaya v. Turkey, cited above, p. 324, § 87)
and to the identification and punishment of those responsible (Oğur v. Turkey,
cited above, § 88). This is not an obligation of result, but of means. The
authorities must have taken the reasonable steps available to them to secure the
evidence concerning the incident, including inter alia eye witness
testimony, forensic evidence and, where appropriate, an autopsy which provides a
complete and accurate record of injury and an objective analysis of clinical
findings, including the cause of death (see, for example, Salman v. Turkey
[GC], no. 21986/93, ECHR 2000-VII, § 106; Tanrıkulu v. Turkey
[GC], no. 23763/94, ECHR 1999-IV, § 109; Gül v. Turkey, 22676/93, § 89,
14 December 2000, unreported). Any deficiency in the investigation which
undermines its ability to establish the cause of death or the person or persons
responsible will risk falling foul of this standard (see the recent Northern
Irish cases concerning the inability of inquests to compel the security force
witnesses directly involved in the use of lethal force, for example, McKerr
v. the United Kingdom, cited above, § 144, and Hugh Jordan v. the
United Kingdom, cited above, § 127).
70. A requirement of promptness and
reasonable expedition is implicit in this context (see Yaşa v. Turkey,
judgment of 2 September 1998, Reports 1998-IV, pp. 2439-2440, §§ 102-104;
Cakıcı v. Turkey [GC], no. 23657/94, ECHR 1999-IV, §§ 80, 87 and
106; Tanrıkulu v. Turkey, cited above, § 109; Mahmut Kaya v. Turkey,
no. 22535/93, ECHR 2000-III, §§ 106-107). While there may be obstacles or
difficulties which prevent progress in an investigation in a particular
situation, a prompt response by the authorities in investigating a use of lethal
force may generally be regarded as essential in maintaining public confidence in
their adherence to the rule of law and in preventing any appearance of collusion
in or tolerance of unlawful acts (see, for example, Hugh Jordan v. the United
Kingdom, cited above, §§ 108, 136‑140).
71. For the same reasons, there must be
a sufficient element of public scrutiny of the investigation or its results to
secure accountability in practice as well as in theory. The degree of public
scrutiny required may well vary from case to case. In all cases, however, the
next-of-kin of the victim must be involved in the procedure to the extent
necessary to safeguard his or her legitimate interests (see Güleç v. Turkey,
cited above, p. 1733, § 82; Oğur v. Turkey, cited above, § 92; Gül v.
Turkey, cited above, § 93; and recent Northern Irish cases, for example,
McKerr v. the United Kingdom, cited above, § 148).
2. Application in the present case
72. The Court recalls that, following
the death of Patrick Finucane on 12 February 1989, an investigation was opened
by the RUC. No prosecutions resulted at that stage. An inquest opened on 6
September 1990 and closed the same day. Two police inquiries, Stevens 1 and 2,
took place in 1989-1990 and 1993-1995. A third inquiry, Stevens 3, commenced in
1999 and is still ongoing. On 23 June 1999, a criminal prosecution was brought
against William Stobie for the murder of Patrick Finucane. A verdict of not
guilty was entered on or about 26 November 2001, after the prosecution offered
no evidence.
73. The applicant has made numerous
complaints about these procedures, alleging that they do not satisfy the
procedural obligation imposed by Article 2 of the Convention. The Court notes
that the Government have accepted, in large part, that the procedures failed to
provide the requisite safeguards, though they do not agree with all the
criticisms made by the applicant.
(i) The police investigation
74. Firstly, concerning the police
investigation, the Court notes that the investigation started immediately after
the death and involved necessary steps to secure evidence at the scene. The car
and gun used in the incident were located though this did not lead to any
charges being brought in respect of the killing. A number of suspects from the
loyalist paramilitaries, popularly believed to have carried out the killing,
were interviewed. During the inquest, the officer in charge of the investigation
stated that though he was reasonably certain that the main perpetrators of the
murder were amongst them, there was insufficient evidence to support a
prosecution.
75. It is not apparent to what extent
the initial police investigation included inquiries into possible collusion by
the security forces in the targeting of Patrick Finucane by a loyalist
paramilitary group. A weapon believed to have been used in the murder had been
stolen from the UDR and a member of the UDR was convicted of the theft and UFF
members were convicted of possession of the gun. It was therefore apparent that
the weapon had come into the hands of the loyalists via the security forces. At
the inquest however, the police officer in charge of the investigation stated
that none of the 14 persons interviewed in relation to the murder had any
connection with the security forces. Allegations of collusion involving the
police were also made from a very early stage, in particular with regard to
threats made by the RUC to Patrick Finucane’s clients.
76. In so far therefore as the
investigation was conducted by RUC officers, they were part of the police force
which was suspected by the applicant and other members of the community of
issuing threats against Patrick Finucane. They were all under the responsibility
of the RUC Chief Constable, who played a role in the process of instituting any
disciplinary or criminal proceedings (see paragraph 55 above). In the
circumstances, there was a lack of independence attaching to this aspect of the
investigative procedures, which also raises serious doubts as to the
thoroughness or effectiveness with which the possibility of collusion was
pursued.
(ii) The inquest
77. In Northern Ireland, as in England
and Wales, investigations into deaths may also be conducted by inquests.
Inquests are public hearings conducted by coroners, independent judicial
officers, normally sitting with a jury, to determine the facts surrounding a
suspicious death. Judicial review lies from procedural decisions by coroners and
in respect of any mistaken directions given to the jury. There are thus strong
safeguards as to the lawfulness and propriety of the proceedings. In the case of
McCann and Others v. the United Kingdom (cited above, p. 49, § 162), the
Court found that the inquest held into the deaths of the three IRA suspects shot
by the SAS on Gibraltar satisfied the procedural obligation contained in Article
2, as it provided a detailed review of the events surrounding the killings and
provided the relatives of the deceased with the opportunity to examine and
cross-examine witnesses involved in the operation. However it must be noted that
the inquest in that case was to some extent exceptional when compared with the
proceedings in a number of cases in Northern Ireland (see the cases of Hugh
Jordan v. the United Kingdom, McKerr v. the United Kingdom, and Kelly and
Others v. the United Kingdom, cited above). The promptness and thoroughness
of the inquest in the McCann case left the Court in no doubt that the
important facts relating to the events had been examined with the active
participation of the applicants’ highly competent legal representative.
78. In this case however, the inquest
was concerned only with the immediate circumstances surrounding the shooting of
Patrick Finucane. There was no inquiry into the allegations of collusion by the
RUC or other sections of the security forces. The applicant was refused
permission to make a statement to the inquest about the threats made by the
police against her husband as the Coroner regarded these matters as irrelevant.
As later events were to show however, there were indications that informers
working for Special Branch or the security forces knew about, or assisted in,
the attack on Patrick Finucane (see paragraphs 16, 25 and 36, concerning William
Stobie and Brian Nelson), which supported suspicions that the authorities knew
or connived in murder. The inquest accordingly failed to address serious and
legitimate concerns of the family and the public and cannot be regarded as
providing an effective investigation into the incident or a means of identifying
or leading to the prosecution of those responsible. In that respect, it fell
short of the requirements of Article 2.
(iii) The Stevens inquiries
79. The Court recalls that the
authorities responded to concerns arising out of allegations of collusion
between the loyalist organisations and the security forces by instituting
special police inquiries, headed by a senior police officer from outside
Northern Ireland. It is not apparent however that the first two inquiries,
however useful they may have been in uncovering information, were in fact
concerned with investigating the death of Patrick Finucane with a view to
bringing prosecutions as appropriate. In any event, the reports were not made
public and the applicant has never been informed of their findings. The
necessary elements of public scrutiny and accessibility of the family are
therefore missing.
80. As regards the most recent inquiry,
Stevens 3, which is squarely concerned with the Finucane murder, the Government
have admitted that, taking place some ten years after the event, it cannot
comply with the requirement that effective investigations be commenced promptly
and conducted with due expedition. It is also not apparent to what extent, if
any, the final report will be made public, though a summary overview has
recently been published. The Court does not find it necessary in light of these
defects to consider further allegations of lack of accessibility of the
applicant to the procedure or lack of independence of the inquiry from the
Police Service in Northern Ireland (which has replaced the RUC).
(iv) The DPP
81. The applicant also alleged that the
DPP had shown a lack of independence in this case. The Court has in previous
cases noted that the DPP, who is the legal officer charged with the
responsibility to decide whether to bring prosecutions in respect of any
possible criminal offences, is not required to give reasons for any decision not
to prosecute and in this case he did not do so. No challenge by way of judicial
review exists to require him to give reasons in Northern Ireland, though it may
be noted that in England and Wales, where the inquest jury may still reach
verdicts of unlawful death, the courts have required the DPP to reconsider a
decision not to prosecute in the light of such a verdict, and will review
whether those reasons are sufficient. This possibility does not exist in
Northern Ireland where the inquest jury is no longer permitted to issue verdicts
concerning the lawfulness or otherwise of a death.
82. The Court does not consider it
possible at this stage for it to determine what in fact occurred in 1990-1991
and in 1995 when decisions were taken concerning the prosecution of persons
possibly implicated in the Finucane murder (see paragraphs 16 and 27 above).
However, where the police investigation procedure is itself open to doubts of a
lack of independence and is not amenable to public scrutiny, it is of increased
importance that the officer who decides whether or not to prosecute also gives
an appearance of independence in his decision-making. As the Court observed in
Hugh Jordan v. the United Kingdom (judgment cited above, § 123) the
absence of reasons for decisions not to prosecute in controversial cases may in
itself not be conducive to public confidence and may deny family of the victim
access to information about a matter of crucial importance to them and prevent
any legal challenge of the decision.
83. Notwithstanding the suspicions of
collusion however, no reasons were forthcoming at the time for the various
decisions not to prosecute and no information was made available either to the
applicant or the public which might provide re-assurance that the rule of law
had been respected. This cannot be regarded as compatible with the requirements
of Article 2, unless that information was forthcoming in some other way. This
was not the case.
(v) Conclusion
84. The Court finds that the proceedings
for investigating the death of Patrick Finucane failed to provide a prompt and
effective investigation into the allegations of collusion by security personnel.
There has consequently been a failure to comply with the procedural obligation
imposed by Article 2 of the Convention and there has been, in this respect, a
violation of that provision.
II. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE
CONVENTION
85. Article 41 of the Convention
provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a
violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of
the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made,
the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A. Damage
86. The applicant stated that the
quantum of any award of non-pecuniary damage was for the Court to assess on an
equitable basis. She raised concerns however that any award for damages for just
satisfaction, as were made in the other Northern Ireland cases (Hugh Jordan,
McKerr, Kelly and others and Shanaghan, cited above) would
be regarded as bringing to an end the investigative obligation imposed by
Article 2 of the Convention. She refers in that regard to the approach adopted
by the domestic courts in the application brought by Jonathan McKerr after the
Court’s judgment in his case for a declaration that State was in continuing
breach of the procedural obligation under Article 2 and for an order of mandamus
to compel provision of an effective investigation. On 26 July 2002, the High
Court in Northern Ireland rejected the application, finding that this Court
would not have exercised its discretion to award just satisfaction had it
envisaged the possibility of restitutio in integrum through the holding
of an effective investigation and therefore considered that any continuing
obligation had come to an end once the Court issued its judgment. This decision
has since been overturned by the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal on
10 January 2003, and an application for leave to appeal by the Crown is
apparently pending to the House of Lords. The applicant requested the Court to
state that awards of just satisfaction do not bring to an end the rights
conferred by Article 2. Since she would not wish any award of just satisfaction
to jeopardise action taken at a domestic level to enforcing an investigation at
domestic level, she requested the Court not to make an award of just
satisfaction if it were to agree with the High Court approach mentioned above.
87. The Government stated that the
applicant had received a very significant sum, some half a million pounds, under
the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme and had shown a certain ambivalence as
to whether she wished to claim non-pecuniary damage. As her main concern was to
obtain a judgment of the Court against the Government, any such judgment would
appear to constitute of itself sufficient just satisfaction.
88. The Court would recall that it has
awarded non-pecuniary damages in other similar cases in which it has found a
breach of the procedural obligation under Article 2 of the Convention (see the
Hugh Jordan, McKerr, Kelly and Others and Shanaghan
cases, cited above). The compensation referred to by the Government does not
relate to the shortcomings in the official investigation and would not prevent
an award of non-pecuniary damages in that respect.
89. As regards the applicant’s views
concerning provision of an effective investigation, the Court has not previously
given any indication that a Government should, as a response to such a finding
of a breach of Article 2, hold a fresh investigation into the death concerned
and has on occasion expressly declined to do so (Ülkü Ekinci v. Turkey,
no. 27601/95, judgment of 16 July 2002, § 179). Nor does it consider it
appropriate to do so in the present case. It cannot be assumed in such cases
that a future investigation can usefully be carried out or provide any redress,
either to the victim’s family or by way of providing transparency and
accountability to the wider public. The lapse of time, the effect on evidence
and the availability of witnesses, may inevitably render such an investigation
an unsatisfactory or inconclusive exercise, which fails to establish important
facts or put to rest doubts and suspicions. Even in disappearance cases, where
it might be argued that more is at stake since the relatives suffer from the
ongoing uncertainty about the exact fate of the victim or the location of the
body, the Court has refused to issue any declaration that a new investigation
should be launched (Orhan v. Turkey, no. 25656/94, judgment of 18 June
2002, § 451). It rather falls to the Committee of Ministers acting under Article
46 of the Convention to address the issues as to what may practicably be
required by way of compliance in each case (cf. mutatis mutandis,
Akdivar and Others v. Turkey, judgment of 1 April 1998 (Article 50),
Reports 1998–II, p. 723, § 47).
90. In sum, the Court is unable to make
the declaration or clarifications requested by the applicant with a view to the
consequences of this judgment. As she has stated that in this event she does not
wish any damages to be paid, it will proceed on the basis that her claim is
withdrawn.
B. Costs and expenses
91. The applicant claimed 94,020.22
pounds sterling (GBP), inclusive of value-added tax VAT) for costs and expenses
for legal work done since the introduction of the case in 1995. This included
fees of GBP 31,385.75 for over 207 hours work by a senior solicitor, GBP 6,580
for over 117 hours work by a paralegal, GBP 29,375 for fees of senior counsel
and GBP 19,583.32 for junior counsel.
92. The Government submitted that this
was grossly excessive. While the case was complex, many of the legal issues were
similar to those raised in the other Northern Ireland cases. The claims by
lawyers included well over 300 hours by solicitors plus unspecified hours by two
counsel. They considered there must have been a significant degree of
duplication of work and that the applicant has not demonstrated that these legal
costs were reasonably and necessarily incurred.
93. The Court recalls that this case,
which has been pending for some considerable time, has involved several rounds
of written submissions and may be regarded as factually and legally complex.
Nonetheless, no oral hearing has been held. It finds that the fees claimed to be
on the high side when compared with other cases from the United Kingdom and is
not persuaded that they are reasonable as to quantum. Having regard to equitable
considerations, it awards the sum of 43,000 euros (EUR), plus any value added
tax which may be payable.
C. Default interest
94. The Court considers it appropriate
that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the
European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Holds that there has been a
violation of Article 2 of the Convention;
2. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay
the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes
final according to Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, EUR 43,000 (forty three
thousand euros) in respect of costs and expenses, to be converted into pounds
sterling at the rate applicable at the date of settlement, plus any tax that may
be chargeable;
(b) that from the expiry of the
above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable
on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European
Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
3. Dismisses the remainder of the
applicant’s claim for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing
on 1 July 2003, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Michael O’Boyle
Matti Pellonpää
Registrar
President
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